Dokument: Medikamentöse Therapieoptionen bei post-operativem de novo Vorhofflimmern

Titel:Medikamentöse Therapieoptionen bei post-operativem de novo Vorhofflimmern
URL für Lesezeichen:https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=48031
URN (NBN):urn:nbn:de:hbz:061-20181217-093838-1
Kollektion:Dissertationen
Sprache:Deutsch
Dokumententyp:Wissenschaftliche Abschlussarbeiten » Dissertation
Medientyp:Text
Autor: Behlau, Corinna [Autor]
Dateien:
[Dateien anzeigen]Adobe PDF
[Details]1,12 MB in einer Datei
[ZIP-Datei erzeugen]
Dateien vom 11.12.2018 / geändert 11.12.2018
Beitragende:Prof. Dr. Korbmacher, Bernhard [Gutachter]
PD Dr. Kindgen-Milles, Detlef [Gutachter]
Stichwörter:Vorhofflimmern, Vernakalant, Herzchirurgie
Dewey Dezimal-Klassifikation:600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften » 610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Beschreibungen:Postoperatives Vorhofflimmern (POAF) tritt in 30-50% der Fälle nach kardiochirurgi-schen Eingriffen auf. Es geht mit erhöhten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsraten einher, führt zu längeren Krankenhausaufenthalten und verursacht Mehrkosten für die Gesund-heitssysteme. Obwohl es häufig transient ist, steigt das Thrombembolierisiko für diesen Zeitraum stark an. Für manche Patienten ist es enorm wichtig, eine schnelle Konversion zu erreichen, um Thrombembolien und Umbauprozesse des Herzens zu vermeiden oder Symptome zu lindern. Elektrische Kardioversion ist effektiv, aber oft nicht beständig. Außerdem erfordert es eine Sedierung des Patienten. Bisher verfügbare Antiarrhythmika sind aufgrund von Kontraindikationen, multiplen Nebenwirkungen oder langen Konver-sionszeiten unzureichend. Vernakalant ist ein seit 2010 zugelassenes Medikament zur Konversion von Vorhofflimmern in den Sinusrhythmus. Es erreicht atriale Selektivität über die multiple Blockade von Kalium- und Natriumkanälen, welche es teilweise fre-quenz- und spannungsabhängig besetzt und damit die Refraktärzeit in den Vorhöfen verlängert. Die Datenlage zur Anwendung bei herzchirurgischen Patienten ist derzeit dünn.
Wir identifizierten 75 Patienten, die im Zeitraum von 10/2011 bis 02/2014 im Anschluss an eine Herzoperation Vorhofflimmern bekamen und mit Vernakalant behandelt wur-den. Ermittelt wurden die unmittelbaren Konversionsraten, sowie die nach 120 Minuten, 10 Tagen und 6 Monaten. Hierzu gab es ein Follow up und den Kontakt zu Hausärzten, Kardiologen und Rehakliniken. Patientencharakteristika, peri- und postoperative Variab-len wurden auf Risikofaktoren für POAF, Prädiktoren für eine erfolgreiche Konversion und Nebenwirkungen hin untersucht.
Die Konversion konnte bei 77% (n=57) der Patienten erreicht werden. 89,2% aller Pati-enten wiesen POAF von ultra-kurzer Dauer (< 24 Stunden) auf. Die mediane Konversi-onszeit lag bei 18 Minuten. Nach 120 Minuten, 10 Tagen und 6 Monaten konnte bei 70,3%, 87,8% und 86% ein Sinusrhythmus nachgewiesen werden. Einzig signifikanter Prädiktor war das jüngere Alter (p = 0,0005). Bei einem Patienten trat ein intermittie-rendes Blockbild auf. Ventrikuläre Arrythmien, lebensbedrohliche Hypotensionen oder Todesfälle wurden nicht beobachtet.
Vernakalant ist effektiv – besonders bei ultra-kurzem (< 24 Stunden) Vorhofflimmern kardiochirurgischer Patienten. Prädiktiv für ein gutes Ansprechen zeigte sich das jüngere Alter. Die Ergebnisse sind als explorative Analyse zu verstehen. Für Aussagen über eine sichere Anwendung müssen weitere, größere, randomisierte und kontrollierte Studien folgen.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurs in 30-50% of cases after cardiac surgery. It is ac-companied by increased morbidity and rates of mortality, leads to longer hospital stays and brings about cost overruns for the health care system. Although often transient, the risk of thromboembolism in this time frame greatly increases. For some patients it can be important to obtain a speedy conversion, in order to avoid thromboembolism and re-modeling of the heart, or to alleviate symptoms. Electric cardioversion is effective, but often not enduring. Moreover, it requires sedation of the patient. Until now available antiarrhythmic drugs have been inadequate due to contraindications, multiple side effects or long conversions. Since 2010, Vernakalant has been an approved drug for the conversion from atrial fibrillation back to sinus rhythm. It achieves atrial selectivity through blockade of sodium and potassium channels, which it partly targets, depending upon rate and voltage and thereby prolongs the refractory period in the atria. The availa-bility of data of usage in cardiac patients is currently sparse.
We identified 75 patients, of whom subsequent to cardiac surgery suffered atrial fibrilla-tion and were treated with Vernakalant from 10/2011 until 02/2014. The immediate conversion rates, as well as those after 120 minutes, 10 days and 6 months were ascertained. For this purpose, there was a Follow up and contact to general practitioners, cardiologists and rehabilitation clinics. Patient characteristics, peri- und postoperative variables were screened for risk factors of POAF, indicators of a successful conversion and serious adverse events.
The conversion could be achieved in 77% (n=57) of patients. 89,2% of all patients had POAF for an extremely short period (< 24 hours). The median conversion period was around 18 minutes. After 120 minutes, 10 days and 6 months, a sinus rhythm of 70,3%, 87,8% and 86% could be ascertained. The only significant predictor was younger age (p=0,029). In the case of one patient a bundle branch block occured. Ventricular ar-rhythmia, life-threatening hypotension or death were not observed.
Vernakalant ist effective in treating - exceptionally short - atrial fibrillation of cardio-surgical patients. Younger age is a predictive marker of a good response. The findings should be interpreted as an explorative analysis. For assertations regarding a reliable ap-plication, further, larger, randomized controlled trials must follow up.
Quelle:Literatur
1. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS et al (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Full textA report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guide-lines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace 8(9):651–745. doi:10.1093/europace/eul097
2. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC, JR, Conti JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Murray KT, Sacco RL, Stevenson WG, Tchou PJ, Tracy CM, Yancy CW (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(21):e1-76. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.022
3. Ma J-Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y-F, Wu Z, Liu L-X, Kou Y-L, Yang J-J (2006) Atrial fib-rillation after surgery for esophageal carcinoma. Clinical and prognostic significance. World J Gastroenterol 12(3):449–452
4. Walsh SR, Oates JE, Anderson JA, Blair SD, Makin CA, Walsh CJ (2006) Postope-rative arrhythmias in colorectal surgical patients. Incidence and clinical correlates. Colorectal Dis 8(3):212–216. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00881.x
5. Curtis JJ, Parker BM, McKenney CA, Wagner-Mann CC, Walls JT, Demmy TL, Schmaltz RA (1998) Incidence and predictors of supraventricular dysrhythmias af-ter pulmonary resection. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 66(5):1766–1771
6. Echahidi N, Pibarot P, O´Hara G, Mathieu P (2008) Mechanisms, Prevention, and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(8):793–801. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.043
7. Nazeri A, Razavi M, Elayda MA, Lee V-V, Massumi A, Wilson JM (2010) Race/ethnicity and the incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation after isolated coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Rhythm 7(10):1458–1463. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.06.037
8. Frost L, Molgaard H, Christiansen EH, Hjortholm K, Paulsen PK, Thomsen PE (1992) Atrial fibrillation and flutter after coronary artery bypass surgery. Epidemio-logy, risk factors and preventive trials. Int J Cardiol 36(3):253–261
9. Lauer MS, Eagle KA, Buckley MJ, DeSanctis RW (1989) Atrial fibrillation follo-wing coronary artery bypass surgery. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 31(5):367–378
10. Creswell LL, Schuessler RB, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL (1993) Hazards of postopera-tive atrial arrhythmias. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 56(3):539–549. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(93)90894-N
11. Almassi GH, Schowalter T, Nicolosi AC, Aggarwal A, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, Tarazi R, Shroyer AL, Sethi GK, Grover FL, Hammermeister KE (1997) Atrial fib-rillation after cardiac surgery. A major morbid event? Ann Surg 226(4):501-11; dis-cussion 511-3
12. Nair SG (2010) Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 13(3):196–205. doi:10.4103/0971-9784.69047
13. Maesen B, Nijs J, Maessen J, Allessie M, Schotten U (2012) Post-operative atrial fibrillation. A maze of mechanisms. Europace 14(2):159–174. doi:10.1093/europace/eur208
14. Hill LL, Kattapuram M, Hogue CW, JR (2002) Management of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery--part I. Pathophysiology and risks. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 16(4):483–494
15. Moe GK, Abildskov JA (1959) Atrial fibrillation as a self-sustaining arrhythmia in-dependent of focal discharge. American Heart Journal 58(1):59–70. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(59)90274-1
16. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, Garrigue S, Le Mouroux A, Le Metayer P, Clementy J (1998) Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 339(10):659–666. doi:10.1056/NEJM199809033391003
17. Vaquero M, Calvo D, Jalife J (2008) Cardiac fibrillation. From ion channels to rotors in the human heart. Heart Rhythm 5(6):872–879. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.02.034
18. Knaut M, Sindt M, Madej T (2017) Postoperatives Vorhofflimmern. Bedeutung, Prophylaxe und Therapie. Zeitschrift für Herz-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 31(2):95–109
19. Raiten JM, Ghadimi K, Augoustides JGT, Ramakrishna H, Patel PA, Weiss SJ (2015) Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. Clinical Update on Mechanisms and Prophylactic Strategies. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 29(3):806–816. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2015.01.001
20. Kalman JM, Munawar M, Howes LG, Louis WJ, Buxton BF, Gutteridge G, Tonkin AM (1995) Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with sympathetic activation. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 60(6):1709–1715. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(95)00718-0
21. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, Jansen PG, van Hardevelt FW, Beau-mont EM de, Wildevuur CR, Eijsman L, Trouwborst A, Hack CE (1997) Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Post-surgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 96(10):3542–3548
22. Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG (2001) Atrial fibrillation after cardiac sur-gery. Ann Intern Med 135(12):1061–1073
23. Carmeliet E (1999) Cardiac Ionic Currents and Acute Ischemia. From Channels to Arrhythmias. Physiological Reviews 79(3):917–1017
24. Siebert J, Anisimowicz L, Lango R, Rogowski J, Pawlaczyk R, Brzezinski M, Beta S, Narkiewicz M (2001) Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Do-es the type of procedure influence the early postoperative incidence? Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg 19(4):455–459
25. Enc Y, Ketenci B, Ozsoy D, Camur G, Kayacioglu I, Terzi S, Cicek S (2004) Atrial fibrillation after surgical revascularization. Is there any difference between on-pump and off-pump? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 26(6):1129–1133. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.07.029
26. Siebert J, Lewicki L, Mlodnicki M, Rogowski J, Lango R, Anisimowicz L, Narkie-wicz M (2003) Atrial fibrillation after conventional and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Two opposite trends in timing of atrial fibrillation occurrence? Med Sci Monit 9(3):CR137-41
27. Olshansky B, Rosenfeld LE, Warner AL, Solomon AJ, O'Neill G, Sharma A, Platia E, Feld GK, Akiyama T, Brodsky MA, Greene HL (2004) The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Approaches to control rate in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(7):1201–1208. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.032
28. van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, Kingma JH, Kamp O, Kingma T, Said SA, Darmanata JI, Timmermans AJM, Tijssen JGP, Crijns HJGM (2002) A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrilla-tion. N Engl J Med 347(23):1834–1840. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021375
29. Al-Khatib SM, Hafley G, Harrington RA, Mack MJ, Ferguson TB, Peterson ED, Califf RM, Kouchoukos NT, Alexander JH (2009) Patterns of management of atrial fibrillation complicating coronary artery bypass grafting. Results from the PRoject of Ex-vivo Vein graft ENgineering via Transfection IV (PREVENT-IV) Trial. Ame-rican Heart Journal 158(5):792–798. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.09.003
30. Steinberg BA, Zhao Y, He X, Hernandez AF, Fullerton DA, Thomas KL, Mills R, Klaskala W, Peterson ED, Piccini JP (2014) Management of postoperative atrial fib-rillation and subsequent outcomes in contemporary patients undergoing cardiac sur-gery. Insights from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons CAPS-Care Atrial Fibrillation Registry. Clin Cardiol 37(1):7–13. doi:10.1002/clc.22230
31. Camm AJ, Breithardt G, Crijns H, Dorian P, Kowey P, Le Heuzey J-Y, Merioua I, Pedrazzini L, Prystowsky EN, Schwartz PJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Weintraub W (2011) Real-life observations of clinical outcomes with rhythm- and rate-control therapies for atrial fibrillation RECORDAF (Registry on Cardiac Rhythm Disorders Asses-sing the Control of Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 58(5):493–501. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.034
32. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, Kel-len JC, Greene HL, Mickel MC, Dalquist JE, Corley SD (2002) A comparison of ra-te control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 347(23):1825–1833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021328
33. Opolski G, Torbicki A, Kosior D, Szulc M, Zawadzka M, Pierscinska M, Kolodziej P, Stopinski M, Wozakowska-Kaplon B, Achremczyk P, Rabczenko D (2003) Rhythm control versus rate control in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Re-sults of the HOT CAFE Polish Study. Kardiol Pol 59(7):1-16; discussion 15-16
34. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J (2000) Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrilla-tion--Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF). A randomised trial. Lancet 356(9244):1789–1794
35. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA (1995) Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation 92(7):1954–1968
36. Vos CB de, Pisters R, Nieuwlaat R, Prins MH, Tieleman RG, Coelen R-JS, van den Heijkant AC, Allessie MA, Crijns HJGM (2010) Progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation clinical correlates and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(8):725–731. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.040
37. Clemo HF, Wood MA, Gilligan DM, Ellenbogen KA (1998) Intravenous amiodaro-ne for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 81(5):594–598
38. Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, Taylor J, Gemmel I, Cleland JG (2003) Carvedi-lol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 42(11):1944–1951. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.020
39. Ellenbogen KA, Dias VC, Plumb VJ, Heywood JT, Mirvis DM (1991) A placebo-controlled trial of continuous intravenous diltiazem infusion for 24-hour heart rate control during atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. A multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 18(4):891–897
40. Platia EV, Michelson EL, Porterfield JK, Das G (1989) Esmolol versus verapamil in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. American Journal of Cardio-logy 63(13):925–929. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90141-0
41. Jordaens L, Trouerbach J, Calle P, Tavernier R, Derycke E, Vertongen P, Bergez B, Vandekerckhove Y (1997) Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and rate control by digoxin in comparison to placebo. Eur Heart J 18(4):643–648
42. Farshi R, Kistner D, Sarma JS (1999) Ventricular rate control in chronic atrial fibril-lation during daily activity and programmed exercise. A crossover open-label study of five drug regimens. J Am Coll Cardiol 33(2):304–310. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00561-0
43. Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Bristow MR, Krumholz HM (2003) Association of Serum Digoxin Concentration and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure. JAMA 289(7):871–878. doi:10.1001/jama.289.7.871
44. Hilbert S, Bode K, John S, Kircher S, Müssigbrodt A, Dagres N, Hindricks G (2014) Management des Vorhofflimmerns. Der Kardiologe 8(5):374–384. doi:10.1007/s12181-014-0613-9
45. Arcidi JM, Millar JC (1999) Evolution of the Maze III Procedure. Are Modifica-tions Necessary? Thorac cardiovasc Surg 47(S 3):362–364. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1013200
46. Haissaguerre M, Gencel L, Fischer B, Le Metayer P, Poquet F, Marcus FI, Clementy J (1994) Successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysi-ol 5(12):1045–1052
47. Lin T, Kuck K-H, Ouyang F, Tilz RR (2014) First in-human robotic rotor ablation for atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 35(22):1432. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu009
48. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Die-ner H-C, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Alexand-ru Popescu B, Schotten U, van Putte B, Vardas P (2017) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration With EACTS. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 70(1):50. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2016.11.033
49. Di Biasi P, Scrofani R, Paje A, Cappiello E, Mangini A, Santoli C (1995) Intra-venous amiodarone vs propafenone for atrial fibrillation and flutter after cardiac operation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 9(10):587–591
50. Wafa SS, Ward DE, Parker DJ, Camm AJ (1989) Efficacy of flecainide acetate for atrial arrhythmias following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 63(15):1058–1064
51. (1989) Preliminary report. Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a rand-omized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 321(6):406–412. doi:10.1056/NEJM198908103210629
52. Hirt MN, Eschenhagen T (2010) Vernakalant Ein neues Antiarrythmikum zur Akut-behandlung von Vorhofflimmern. Dtsch med Wochenschr 135(19):971–976. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1253686
53. Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJGM, van Eickels M, Gaudin C, Page RL, Torp-Pedersen C, Connolly SJ (2009) Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrilla-tion. N Engl J Med 360(7):668–678. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0803778
54. Piccini JP, Hasselblad V, Peterson ED, Washam JB, Califf RM, Kong DF (2009) Comparative efficacy of dronedarone and amiodarone for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(12):1089–1095. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.085
55. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJV, Gotzsche O, Levy S, Crijns H, Amlie J, Carlsen J (2008) Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart fai-lure. N Engl J Med 358(25):2678–2687. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0800456
56. Nattel S, Khairy P, Roy D, Thibault B, Guerra P, Talajic M, Dubuc M (2002) New approaches to atrial fibrillation management. A critical review of a rapidly evolving field. Drugs 62(16):2377–2397
57. Epstein AE, Olshansky B, Naccarelli GV, Kennedy JIj, Murphy EJ, Goldschlager N (2016) Practical Management Guide for Clinicians Who Treat Patients with Amio-darone. The American Journal of Medicine 129(5):468–475. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.039
58. Cochrane AD, Siddins M, Rosenfeldt FL, Salamonsen R, McConaghy L, Marasco S, Davis BB (1994) A comparison of amiodarone and digoxin for treatment of sup-raventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 8(4):194–198
59. Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, Tang XC, Lopez B, Harris CL, Fletcher RD, Shar-ma SC, Atwood JE, Jacobson AK, Lewis HD, JR, Raisch DW, Ezekowitz MD (2005) Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 352(18):1861–1872. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041705
60. (2003) Maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. An AFFIRM substudy of the first antiarrhythmic drug. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(1):20–29
61. Somberg J, Molnar J (2016) Sotalol versus Amiodarone in Treatment of Atrial Fibril-lation. J Atr Fibrillation 8(5):1359. doi:10.4022/jafib.1359
62. Freemantle N, Lafuente-Lafuente C, Mitchell S, Eckert L, Reynolds M (2011) Mixed treatment comparison of dronedarone, amiodarone, sotalol, flecainide, and propafenone, for the management of atrial fibrillation. Europace 13(3):329–345. doi:10.1093/europace/euq450
63. European Medicines Agency (2010) Assessment Report for Brinavess. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/001215/WC500097150.pdf. Zugegriffen: 04. Dezember 2017
64. Camm AJ (2014) The Vernakalant Story. How Did It Come to Approval in Europe and What is the Delay in the U.S.A? Curr Cardiol Rev 10(4):309–314. doi:10.2174/1573403X10666140513103709
65. Dobrev D, Nattel S (2010) New antiarrhythmic drugs for treatment of atrial fibrilla-tion. Lancet 375(9721):1212–1223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60096-7
66. Torp-Pedersen C, Raev DH, Dickinson G, Butterfield NN, Mangal B, Beatch GN (2011) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of vernakalant (oral) for the preven-tion of atrial fibrillation recurrence after cardioversion. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysi-ol 4(5):637–643. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962340
67. Savelieva I, Graydon R, Camm AJ (2014) Pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with vernakalant. Evidence in support of the ESC Guidelines. Europace 16(2):162–173. doi:10.1093/europace/eut274
68. Roy D, Pratt CM, Torp-Pedersen C, Wyse DG, Toft E, Juul-Moller S, Nielsen T, Rasmussen SL, Stiell IG, Coutu B, Ip JH, Pritchett ELC, Camm AJ (2008) Verna-kalant hydrochloride for rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation. A phase 3, rando-mized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 117(12):1518–1525. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.723866
69. Kowey PR, Dorian P, Mitchell LB, Pratt CM, Roy D, Schwartz PJ, Sadowski J, Sobczyk D, Bochenek A, Toft E (2009) Vernakalant hydrochloride for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2(6):652–659. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.109.870204
70. Stiell IG, Roos JS, Kavanagh KM, Dickinson G (2010) A multicenter, open-label study of vernakalant for the conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Ameri-can Heart Journal 159(6):1095–1101. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.035
71. Camm AJ, Capucci A, Hohnloser SH, Torp-Pedersen C, van Gelder IC, Mangal B, Beatch G (2011) A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(3):313–321. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.046
72. Mao ZL, Wheeler JJ, Clohs L, Beatch GN, Keirns J (2009) Pharmacokinetics of novel atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent vernakalant hydrochloride injection (RSD1235). Influence of CYP2D6 expression and other factors. J Clin Pharmacol 49(1):17–29. doi:10.1177/0091270008325148
73. Astellas Pharma US Briefing materials for the cardiovascular and renal drugs advi-sory comitee. KYNAPID (vernakalant hydrochloride injection) NDA 22-034. https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/briefing/2007-4327b1-01-astellas-backgrounder.pdf. Zugegriffen: 04. Dezember 2017
74. Dorian P, Pinter A, Mangat I, Korley V, Cvitkovic SS, Beatch GN (2007) The effect of vernakalant (RSD1235), an investigational antiarrhythmic agent, on atrial electrophysiology in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 50(1):35–40. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e3180547553
75. Fedida D, Orth PMR, Chen JYC, Lin S, Plouvier B, Jung G, Ezrin AM, Beatch GN (2005) The mechanism of atrial antiarrhythmic action of RSD1235. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16(11):1227–1238. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50028.x
76. Tsuji Y, Dobrev D (2013) Safety and efficacy of vernakalant for acute cardioversi-on of atrial fibrillation. An update. Vasc Health Risk Manag 9:165–175. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S43720
77. Wettwer E, Hala O, Christ T, Heubach JF, Dobrev D, Knaut M, Varro A, Ravens U (2004) Role of IKur in controlling action potential shape and contractility in the human atrium. Influence of chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 110(16):2299–2306. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000145155.60288.71
78. Roy D, Rowe BH, Stiell IG, Coutu B, Ip JH, Phaneuf D, Lee J, Vidaillet H, Di-ckinson G, Grant S, Ezrin AM, Beatch GN (2004) A randomized, controlled trial of RSD1235, a novel anti-arrhythmic agent, in the treatment of recent onset atrial fib-rillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(12):2355–2361. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.021
79. Camm AJ, Toft E, Torp-Pedersen C, Vijayaraman P, Juul-Moller S, Ip J, Beatch GN, Dickinson G, Wyse DG (2012) Efficacy and safety of vernakalant in patients with atrial flutter. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Europace 14(6):804–809. doi:10.1093/europace/eur416
80. Torp-Pedersen C, Camm AJ, Butterfield NN, Dickinson G, Beatch GN (2013) Ver-nakalant. Conversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with ischemic heart disease. Int J Cardiol 166(1):147–151. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.108
81. Connolly SJ, Cybulsky I, Lamy A, Roberts RS, O'brien B, Carroll S, Crystal E, Thorpe KE, Gent M (2003) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of prophylactic metoprolol for reduction of hospital length of stay after heart surgery. The beta-Blocker Length Of Stay (BLOS) study. American Heart Journal 145(2):226–232. doi:10.1067/mhj.2003.147
82. Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, Antman EM (1991) Prevention of supra-ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of ran-domized control trials. Circulation 84(5 Suppl):III236-44
83. Koniari I, Apostolakis E, Rogkakou C, Baikoussis NG, Dougenis D (2010) Pharma-cologic prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. A systematic re-view. J Cardiothorac Surg 5:121. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-5-121
84. Mitchell LB, Exner DV, Wyse DG, Connolly CJ, Prystai GD, Bayes AJ, Kidd WT, Kieser T, Burgess JJ, Ferland A, MacAdams CL, Maitland A (2005) Prophylactic Oral Amiodarone for the Prevention of Arrhythmias that Begin Early After Revas-cularization, Valve Replacement, or Repair. PAPABEAR: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294(24):3093–3100. doi:10.1001/jama.294.24.3093
85. Davis EM, Packard KA, Hilleman DE (2010) Pharmacologic prophylaxis of posto-perative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Beyond beta-blockers. Pharmacotherapy 30(7):749, 274e-318e. doi:10.1592/phco.30.7.749
86. Daoud EG, Strickberger SA, Man KC, Goyal R, Deeb GM, Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Bitar C, Meissner MD, Morady F (1997) Preoperative amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after heart surgery. N Engl J Med 337(25):1785–1791. doi:10.1056/NEJM199712183372501
87. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL et al (2012) 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Executive summary:A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Prac-tice Guidelines. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 143(1):4–34. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.015
88. Marin F, Pascual DA, Roldan V, Arribas JM, Ahumada M, Tornel PL, Oliver C, Gomez-Plana J, Lip GYH, Valdes M (2006) Statins and postoperative risk of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 97(1):55–60. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.124
89. Kuhn EW, Slottosch I, Wahlers T, Liakopoulos OJ (2015) Preoperative statin thera-py for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8):CD008493. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008493.pub3
90. Jacob KA, Nathoe HM, Dieleman JM, van Osch D, Kluin J, van Dijk D (2014) In-flammation in new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. A systematic re-view. Eur J Clin Invest 44(4):402–428. doi:10.1111/eci.12237
91. Patti G, Chello M, Candura D, Pasceri V, D'Ambrosio A, Covino E, Di Sciascio G (2006) Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrilla-tion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvasta-tin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circula-tion 114(14):1455–1461. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621763
92. Zheng Z, Jayaram R, Jiang L, Emberson J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Du J, Guarguagli S, Hill M, Chen Z, Collins R, Casadei B (2016) Perioperative Rosuvastatin in Cardiac Sur-gery. N Engl J Med 374(18):1744–1753. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1507750
93. Ho KM, Tan JA (2009) Benefits and risks of corticosteroid prophylaxis in adult cardiac surgery. A dose-response meta-analysis. Circulation 119(14):1853–1866. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.848218
94. Halonen J, Halonen P, Jarvinen O, Taskinen P, Auvinen T, Tarkka M, Hippelainen M, Juvonen T, Hartikainen J, Hakala T (2007) Corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297(14):1562–1567. doi:10.1001/jama.297.14.1562
95. Yared JP, Starr NJ, Torres FK, Bashour CA, Bourdakos G, Piedmonte M, Michener JA, Davis JA, Rosenberger TE (2000) Effects of single dose, postinduction dexame-thasone on recovery after cardiac surgery. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 69(5):1420–1424
96. Marik PE, Fromm R (2009) The efficacy and dosage effect of corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. A systematic review. J Crit Care 24(3):458–463. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.10.016
97. Dieleman JM, Nierich AP, Rosseel PM, Maaten, Joost M. van der, Hofland J, Diephuis JC, Schepp RM, Boer C, Moons KG, van Herwerden LA, Tijssen JG, Numan SC, Kalkman CJ, van Dijk D, Group, for the Dexamethasone for Cardiac Surgery Study (2012) Intraoperative High-Dose Dexamethasone for Cardiac Sur-gery. A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 308(17):1761–1767. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14144
98. Cook RC, Yamashita MH, Kearns M, Ramanathan K, Gin K, Humphries KH (2013) Prophylactic magnesium does not prevent atrial fibrillation after cardiac sur-gery. A meta-analysis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 95(2):533–541. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.09.008
99. LaPar DJ, Speir AM, Crosby IK, Fonner E, JR, Brown M, Rich JB, Quader M, Kern JA, Kron IL, Ailawadi G (2014) Postoperative atrial fibrillation significantly increases mortality, hospital readmission, and hospital costs. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 98(2):527-33; discussion 533. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.03.039
100. Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer CD, Barash PG, Hsu PH, Mangano DT (2004) A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA 291(14):1720–1729. doi:10.1001/jama.291.14.1720
101. Banach M, Rysz J, Drozdz JA, Okonski P, Misztal M, Barylski M, Irzmanski R, Zaslonka J (2006) Risk factors of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting. A preliminary report. Circ J 70(4):438–441
102. Mathew JP, Parks R, Savino JS, Friedman AS, Koch C, Mangano DT, Browner WS (1996) Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Predic-tors, outcomes, and resource utilization. MultiCenter Study of Perioperative Ische-mia Research Group. JAMA 276(4):300–306
103. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M, Col-lins JJ, JR, Cohn LH, Burstin HR (1996) Predictors of atrial fibrillation after corona-ry artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation 94(3):390–397
104. Hilleman DE, Hunter CB, Mohiuddin SM, Maciejewski S (2005) Pharmacologi-cal management of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 5(6):361–369
105. Tran DT, Perry JJ, Dupuis J-Y, Elmestekawy E, Wells GA (2015) Predicting New-Onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery Patients. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 29(5):1117–1126. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2014.12.012
106. Zacharias A, Schwann TA, Riordan CJ, Durham SJ, Shah AS, Habib RH (2005) Obesity and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation 112(21):3247–3255. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553743
107. Baker WL, White CM (2007) Post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation. A review of preventive strategies. Ann Pharmacother 41(4):587–598. doi:10.1345/aph.1H594
108. Vlahou A, Diplaris K, Ampatzidou F, Karagounnis L, Drossos G (2016) The Role of Blood Transfusion in the Development of Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64(8):688–692. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1587699
109. Herold G (Hrsg) (2013) Innere Medizin 2013. Eine vorlesungsorientierte Darstel-lung ; unter Berücksichtigung des Gegenstandskataloges für die Ärztliche Prüfung ; mit ICD 10-Schlüssel im Text und Stichwortverzeichnis. Selbstverl., Köln
110. L'Allier PL, Ducharme A, Keller P-F, Yu H, Guertin M-C, Tardif J-C (2004) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients is associated with a reduction in the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(1):159–164. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.056
111. Spach MS, Dolber PC (1986) Relating extracellular potentials and their derivati-ves to anisotropic propagation at a microscopic level in human cardiac muscle. Evi-dence for electrical uncoupling of side-to-side fiber connections with increasing age. Circ Res 58(3):356–371
112. Goette A, Juenemann G, Peters B, Klein HU, Roessner A, Huth C, Rocken C (2002) Determinants and consequences of atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Cardiovasc Res 54(2):390–396
113. Barasch E, Gottdiener JS, Aurigemma G, Kitzman DW, Han J, Kop WJ, Tracy RP (2009) Association between elevated fibrosis markers and heart failure in the elderly. The cardiovascular health study. Circ Heart Fail 2(4):303–310. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.828343
114. Lopez CM, House-Fancher MA (2005) Management of atrial fibrillation in pati-ents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs 20(2):133–140
115. Auer J, Weber T, Berent R, Ng C-K, Lamm G, Eber B (2005) Risk factors of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Card Surg 20(5):425–431. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2005.2004123.x
116. Ahlsson A, Fengsrud E, Bodin L, Englund A (2010) Postoperative atrial fibrilla-tion in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery carries an eightfold risk of future atrial fibrillation and a doubled cardiovascular mortality. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 37(6):1353–1359. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.12.033
117. Pratt CM, Roy D, Torp-Pedersen C, Wyse DG, Toft E, Juul-Moller S, Retyk E, Drenning DH (2010) Usefulness of Vernakalant Hydrochloride Injection for Rapid Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 106(9):1277–1283. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.06.054
118. Conde D, Costabel JP, Aragon M, Lambardi F, Klein A, Corrales Barbosa A, Trivi M, Giniger A (2013) Propafenone versus vernakalant for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Ther 31(6):377–380. doi:10.1111/1755-5922.12036
119. Conde D, Costabel JP, Caro M, Ferro A, Lambardi F, Corrales Barboza A, Lava-lle Cobo A, Trivi M (2013) Flecainide versus vernakalant for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 168(3):2423–2425. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.02.006
120. Mochalina N, Juhlin T, Ohlin B, Carlson J, Holmqvist F, Platonov PG (2015) Predictors of successful cardioversion with vernakalant in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 20(2):140–147. doi:10.1111/anec.12178
121. Pohjantahti-Maaroos H, Hyppola H, Lekkala M, Sinisalo E, Heikkola A, Har-tikainen J (2017) Intravenous vernakalant in comparison with intravenous flecainide in the cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care:2048872617728558. doi:10.1177/2048872617728558
122. Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Camm AJ, Olsson SB, Andresen D, Davies DW, Cob-be S, Breithardt G, Le Heuzey J-Y, Prins MH, Levy S, Crijns HJGM (2005) Atrial fibrillation management. A prospective survey in ESC member countries: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J 26(22):2422–2434. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi505
123. Naccarelli GV, Wolbrette DL, Samii S, Banchs JE, Penny-Peterson E, Stevenson R, Gonzalez MD (2008) Vernakalant--a promising therapy for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17(5):805–810. doi:10.1517/13543784.17.5.805
124. Lindsay BD (2011) Vernakalant. Additional evidence for safety and efficacy for new onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(3):322–323. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.08.633
125. Singh BN (2008) Amiodarone as paradigm for developing new drugs for atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 52(4):300–305. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e31818914b6
126. Slavik RS, Tisdale JE, Borzak S (2001) Pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibril-lation. A systematic review of available evidence. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 44(2):121–152. doi:10.1053/pcad.2001.26966
127. Nuotio I, Hartikainen JEK, Grönberg T, Biancari F, Airaksinen KEJ (2014) Time to Cardioversion for Acute Atrial Fibrillation and Thromboembolic Complications. JAMA 312(6):647–649. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3824
Lizenz:In Copyright
Urheberrechtsschutz
Fachbereich / Einrichtung:Medizinische Fakultät
Dokument erstellt am:17.12.2018
Dateien geändert am:17.12.2018
Promotionsantrag am:14.05.2018
Datum der Promotion:11.12.2018
english
Benutzer
Status: Gast
Anmelden
Aktionen
In den Korb
E-Mail senden
Statistik