Dokument: Vitalität und Resistenz der Flechte Xanthoria elegans nach Exposition unter Mars-analogen und Weltraumbedingungen auf der ISS und nach Bestrahlung mit ionisierender Strahlung
| Titel: | Vitalität und Resistenz der Flechte Xanthoria elegans nach Exposition unter Mars-analogen und Weltraumbedingungen auf der ISS und nach Bestrahlung mit ionisierender Strahlung | |||||||
| Weiterer Titel: | Viability and resistance of the lichen Xanthoria elegans after exposure to Mars-analogue and space conditions on the ISS and after ionizing radiation | |||||||
| URL für Lesezeichen: | https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=38569 | |||||||
| URN (NBN): | urn:nbn:de:hbz:061-20160610-130029-2 | |||||||
| Kollektion: | Dissertationen | |||||||
| Sprache: | Deutsch | |||||||
| Dokumententyp: | Wissenschaftliche Abschlussarbeiten » Dissertation | |||||||
| Medientyp: | Text | |||||||
| Autor: | Dipl. biol. Brandt, Annette [Autor] | |||||||
| Dateien: |
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| Beitragende: | Prof. Dr. Ott, Sieglinde [Gutachter] Prof. Dr. Martin, William [Gutachter] | |||||||
| Stichwörter: | Flechte, Astrobiologie, ISS, Resistenz, ionisierende Strahlung, UV | |||||||
| Dewey Dezimal-Klassifikation: | 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik » 580 Pflanzen (Botanik) | |||||||
| Beschreibungen: | Der Fokus dieser Studie lag auf der Vitalität der Flechte Xanthoria elegans nach der Exposition außerhalb der Internationalen Raumstation (ISS). Die untersuchten Proben von X. elegans waren zuvor im LIFE/EXPOSE-E-Experiment über 18 Monate den extremen abiotischen Einflüssen des erdnahen Weltraumes sowie dort simulierten Mars-analogen Umweltbedingungen ausgesetzt. LIFE war in Art und Dauer ein für symbiotische Organismen erstmalig durchgeführtes Experiment. In die Auswertung einbezogen wurden vorangegangene Simulationsexperimente und die Mission Ground Reference (einer parallel zur ISS-Exposition im DLR Köln durchgeführten Simulation). Weitere laborbasierte Experimente und die Analyse der ultrastrukturellen Schäden komplettierten die Charakterisierung des Resistenzpotentials von X. elegans gegenüber Weltraumbedingungen. Eingebunden in diese Studie waren die ebenfalls erstmalig durchgeführten Experimente zur Resistenz von Flechten gegenüber hohen Dosen ionisierender Strahlung, welche die außerhalb des Erdmagnetfeldes vorkommende kosmische Strahlung simulierten.
Die Analyse der im LIFE-Experiment exponierten Proben mit LIVE/DEAD-staining und Chlo-rophyll a Fluoreszenz-Messungen zeigte eine hohe metabolische Aktivität aller exponierten Proben von X. elegans, während die photosynthetische Aktivität nach Vakuumexposition beeinträchtigt war. Wachstum und Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit als wesentlicher Aspekt der Überlebensfähigkeit konnten nach der Weltraumexposition über Kulturen der PB qualitativ nachgewiesen werden. Die Kultivierbarkeit nach 18 Monaten unter Weltraumbedingungen bestätigte X. elegans als relevanten astrobiologischen Modellorganismus. Die auf der ISS simulierten Mars-analogen Bedingungen beeinträchtigten die Vitalität deutlich geringer als die Exposition unter Vakuum. Eine Analyse der Ultrastruktur mittels Transmission-Elektronen-Mikroskopie zeigte, dass die PB unter Weltraumvakuum vermehrt Schäden erlitten hatten, wie sie für eine viele Jahre andauernde Austrocknung charakteristisch sind. In 61-97% der unter Vakuum exponierten PB war der Protoplast irreversibel kollabiert. Der limitierende Faktor für das Überleben unter Weltraumbedingungen war für X. elegans der lange Zeitraum unter Vakuum bis 10-9 mbar. X. elegans wurde nicht beeinträchtigt durch die intensive Licht- und UV200-400nm-Strahlung im LIFE-Experiment. Hinweise auf einen synergistischen Effekt kombinierter extraterrestrischer Stressoren konnten ausschließlich nach Exposition unter Vakuum mit intensiver UV100-400nm-Strahlung von ca. 300 MJm-2 beobachtet werden. Die hohe UV-Resistenz beruht hauptsächlich auf den UV-absorbierenden Eigenschaften des vom Mycobionten (MB) synthetisierten Cortex-Pigments Parietin. Der Schutz der Licht/UV-sensitiveren PB bestand auch unter Weltraumbedingungen und bestätigte zudem die Relevanz der Symbiose als Überlebensstrategie. Hohe Trockenresistenz und die Fähigkeit zur Anhydrobiose sind für die poikilohydren Flechten von besonderer Relevanz für die Besiedlung von ariden, alpinen oder polaren Habitaten. Die Analysen zeigten, dass diese Eigenschaften bei X. elegans auch unter Weltraumbedingungen und z.T. gegenüber ionisierender Strahlung protektiv wirkten. Die Bestrahlungsexperimente mit beschleunigten Eisen- und Helium- Ionen sowie Röntgen- und γ- Strahlung wurden mit Proben in Anhydrobiose durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass die photosynthetische Aktivität durch die Bestrahlungen bis 2 kGy nicht beeinträchtigt wurde. Die metabolische Aktivität wurde durch Strahlendosen ab 100 Gy reduziert, dies deutlicher bei den PB, als bei den resistenteren MB. Für die eingesetzten Strahlenarten bestehen starke Unterschiede in ihrer Wirkung auf hydrierte Zellen, die sich hier nicht wiederfanden. Ebenso zeigte sich keine Korrelation zwischen Dosis und reduzierter Aktivität. Auch bei Flechten, die im feuchten, aktiven Zustand Röntgenstrahlen bis 100 Gy ausgesetzt wurden, zeigte sich keine anhaltende Beeinträchtigung der photosynthetischen Aktivität. Die γ-Bestrahlung trockener X. elegans-Thalli und isolierter Circinaria gyrosa-PB zeigte eine einheitliche Grenze für die Regeneration der photosynthetischen Aktivität bei ≤ 17 kGy. Ein Kulturexperiment zeigte aber, dass die PB ihre Reproduktionsfähigkeit bereits 6 kGy bei eingebüßt hatten. Insgesamt zeigten die Experimente eine bemerkenswerte Strahlenresistenz bezogen auf Pho-tosynthese- und metabolische Aktivität. Dies kann durch Trockenheit der Proben erklärt werden, die indirekte Strahlenschäden durch Radiolyse von Wasser deutlich verringert. Zusätzlich aber ist die Anhydrobiose charakterisiert durch Mechanismen zur Reduktion von Radikalen und oxidativem Stress. Dies könnte bedeuten, dass Trockenresistenz und Strahlenresistenz gemeinsame Mechanismen besitzen. Die Studie lieferte Ergebnisse zur Überlebensfähigkeit der untersuchten Flechten unter Weltraum- bzw. Mars-analogen Bedingungen sowie erste Erkenntnisse über ihre Resistenz gegenüber simulierter kosmischer Strahlung. Die eingesetzten Methoden wurden im Rahmen dieser Studie zum Teil modifiziert und weiter etabliert.The current study focuses on the viability of the lichen Xanthoria elegans after being exposed outside the International Space Station (ISS). During the 18 months of the LIFE/EXPOSE-E-experiment X. elegans samples were exposed to the hazardous conditions of space in low-Earth-orbit or to on-site simulated Mars-analogue conditions. LIFE was the first long-term exposure experiment on the ISS testing symbiotic organisms. The analysis of the returned samples was complemented by previous simulations and the Mission Ground Reference (a close simulation of the ISS-exposure performed in parallel at DLR, Cologne). Further lab-based experiments and an analysis of ultrastructural damages completed the characterization of X. elegans’ resistance towards space conditions. Included in the current study are experiments on the resistance of lichens towards high doses of ionizing radiation. The applied ionizing radiation resembled components of the cosmic radiation occurring outside Earths’ magnetic shielding. These, too, were the first experiments. X. elegans samples exposed in LIFE were analysed by LIVE/DEAD-staining and chlorophyll a fluorescence-measurements. Analyses showed a high amount of metabolically active cells in all exposed samples, but the photosynthetic activity was impaired after the vacuum exposure. Growth and reproduction ‒ as the most relevant proofs of vitality ‒ were shown qualitatively by photobiont culture assays. Being cultivable after 18 months in low-Earth-orbit conditions confirmed X. elegans is a relevant astrobiological model organism. However, the Mars-analogue exposure had much less of an effect on viability, compared to the space vacuum. Ultrastructural analyses by transmission-electron-microscopy revealed that photobionts exposed to vacuum suffered damages, resembling the damages shown typically after several years of dry storage. These damages appeared in significantly higher amount after vacuum exposure, including irreversibly collapsed protoplasts in 61-97% of the vacuum-exposed photobionts. Concerning X. elegans, the limiting factor for survival under space conditions was the long-term vacuum exposure at 10-9 mbar. X. elegans was not affected by the intense light- and UV200-400nm-irradiation throughout the LIFE-experiment. Only the exposure to vacuum and UV100-400nm-irradiation of c. 300 MJm-2 gave a hint on a possible synergistic effect of these extra-terrestrial stressors. The observable high UV-resistance is conferred mainly by the UV-absorbing properties of the cortex-bound pigment parietin which is synthesized by the mycobiont, protecting the light- and UV-sensitive photobiont from insolation. The protection stayed fully functional in space conditions and by that also proved the importance of symbiosis as a valid survival strategy. A high desiccation tolerance and the ability for anhydrobiosis are crucial for the colonization of arid, alpine or polar habitats by the poikilohydric lichens. Analyses indicated that these traits also protected X. elegans under space conditions. In addition, these traits conferred a certain resistance towards ionizing radiation. Ionization radiation experiments employed accelerated helium- and iron ions as well as X-rays and γ-radiation. All samples were in anhydrobiosis for the whole duration of the experi-ment. After radiation up to 2 kGy the photosynthetic activity remained unimpaired. All radiation > 100 Gy was capable of reducing the metabolic activity. The reduction was more pronounced in the photobiont while the mycobiont showed its notable resistance. If applied to hydrated cells the applied types of radiation are known to induce effects of very different severity. However, no differences were observed in the current study. As well, there was no correlation of applied doses to the reduction of metabolic activity. An additional experiment exposed wetted, active lichen thalli to X-rays from 1-100 Gy. Still, the photosynthetic activity showed no sustained effect. The γ-radiation of dry X. elegans thalli and isolated photobionts of Circinaria gyrosa showed a consistent limit for the recovery of photosynthetic activity at ≤ 17 kGy. But, additional culture assay revealed that the photobiont lost its reproductive ability already at 6 kGy. Concerning metabolic and photosynthetic activity, a remarkable radiation-resistance was shown. It might be caused by the dramatically reduced radiolysis of water, sparing the dry samples the indirect effects of radiation. In addition, anhydrobiosis is characterised by several counter-mechanisms against radicals and oxidative stress. By that, one could conclude that that desiccation resistance and resistance towards radiation invoke the same mechanisms. The present study provided results on the viability and resistance of lichens, especially X. elegans, under space and Mars-like conditions. As well it provided first in-sights to lichens’ resistance towards ionizing radiation resp. simulated cosmic rays. Methods used in the framework of this study were partly modified and well-established to astrobiological experiments. | |||||||
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| Lizenz: |  Urheberrechtsschutz | |||||||
| Fachbereich / Einrichtung: | Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät » WE Biologie » Botanik | |||||||
| Dokument erstellt am: | 10.06.2016 | |||||||
| Dateien geändert am: | 10.06.2016 | |||||||
| Promotionsantrag am: | 06.08.2014 | |||||||
| Datum der Promotion: | 27.05.2016 |
