Dokument: AIRBORNE NICKEL EXPOSURE: CAN IT INDUCE NICKEL SENSITIZATION?

Titel:AIRBORNE NICKEL EXPOSURE: CAN IT INDUCE NICKEL SENSITIZATION?
Weiterer Titel:A POPULATION BASED STUDY WITH 6-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN
URL für Lesezeichen:https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=24125
URN (NBN):urn:nbn:de:hbz:061-20130312-130602-4
Kollektion:Dissertationen
Sprache:Englisch
Dokumententyp:Wissenschaftliche Abschlussarbeiten » Dissertation
Medientyp:Text
Autor:Dr.med. Mann, Eugen [Autor]
Dateien:
[Dateien anzeigen]Adobe PDF
[Details]431,8 KB in einer Datei
[ZIP-Datei erzeugen]
Dateien vom 12.03.2013 / geändert 12.03.2013
Beitragende:Prof. Dr. Ranft, Ulrich [Gutachter]
Prof. Dr. Homey, Bernhard [Gutachter]
Stichwörter:Sensitization; airborne exposure; ambient air; nickel hypersensitivity; environmental; patch test; children.
Dewey Dezimal-Klassifikation:600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften » 610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Beschreibungen:Nickelexposition in der Luft: kann sie eine Nickelsensibilisierung hervorrufen? Eine populationsbezogene Studie über TH1-zellvermittelte Immunantwort mit Kindern im Einschulungsalter.

Die vorliegende Studie hatte den Zweck, den Zusammenhang zwischen der Nickelbelastung in Außenluft und der Ausprägung der gesundheitsrelevanten Faktoren – gemessen u.a. in Prävalenz der Nickelsensibilisierung, vorwiegend TH1-zellvermittelte Immunreaktion - bei sechsjährigen Kindern, die in unmittelbarer Nähe der Industriegebiete in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wohnen, zu evaluieren. Belastung und Gesundheitseffekte wurden bei Kindern in Schulanfängeralter ermittelt. Der Wohnsitz der Studienteilehmer war in der Nähe der Industriequellen der drei unterschiedlichen „Hot Spots“ in NRW (Dortmund-Hörde, Duisburg-Nord und Duisburg-Süd), in einem ländlichen Gebiet ohne unmittelbarer industrieller Belastung (Stadt Borken in Westfalen), das als Referenzareal für die „Hot Spot“ dienen sollte, sowie in den Vergleichsarealen in anderen Gebieten Deutschlands: einer Stadt in Bayern (Augsburg) und einer Stadt in den neuen Bundesländern (Halle). Die Querschnittstudie wurde im Zeitraum zwischen März und Juni 2000 durchgeführt. Die Erfassung der Belastung beinhaltete Modellierung von Außenluftdaten und Messung der Nickelaufnahme mit Trinkwasser als Außenbelastung sowie die Human Biomonitoring (HBM), i.e. Erfassung der Nickelwerte in Morgenurin als innere Belastung. Gesundheitseffekte wurden mittels eines Fragebogens, des CAP-FEIA-Systems sowie des Epikutantests (ECT) erfasst. Der Einfluss der Belastungsfaktoren auf Nickelsensibilisierung wurde mittels linearer und logistischer Regressionsanalyse gemessen. Die wichtigen Ergebnisse waren wie folgt: die beobachtete Nickelsensibilisierungsprävalenz variierte in den Studienzentren zwischen 5.0% (Dortmund-Horde) und 38.1% (Halle). Kinder, die im „Hot Spot“ Dortmund-Hörde wohnten (v.a. erhöhte Chrom- und Nickelwerte in der Außenluft aus Stahlwerk), zeigten erhöhte Prävalenzen verschiedener Allergiesymptome und Sensibilisierungen, während Kinder, deren Wohnsitz in Duisburg-Nord lag (Kokerei, Stahlwerk, Hochofen und Sinteranlage), u.a. erhöhte akute Nickelkonzentrationen in Urin aufwiesen. In dieser Studie wurde ein positiver signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Nickelsensibilisierung und der akuten inneren Nickelbelastung gemessen in Nickelkonzentration im Morgenurin beobachtet. Des Weiteren, wurde ein tendenzieller, jedoch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Nickelwerten in der Außenluft und Nickelkonzentration in Urin festgestellt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass erhöhte Nickelbelastung in der Außenluft zu einem gewissen Grad zur Entstehung der Nickelsensibilisierung beitragen kann. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um Hinweise dieser Studie in größeren Kollektiven in anderen Arealen mit bekannter erhöhter Nickelbelastung in Außenluft zu verifizieren.

The present study aimed to evaluate an association between exposure to nickel in ambient air and the health outcome measured in prevalence of nickel sensitization (prevalently TH1-cell-mediated delayed immune response (Type IV)) in children living close to industrial sources in Germany. Exposure and health outcome were assessed in children at school-beginner age residing in the vicinity of industrial sources of three different hot spots in the State of North Rhine Westphalia (Dortmund Hörde, Duisburg North and Duisburg South), in a rural town without nearby point sources of nickel (Borken), which served as a reference area for the hot spots, and in the comparison areas in other parts of Germany: a city in the State of Bavaria (Augsburg) and a city in the former socialist German Democratic Republic (Halle). The cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2000. Exposure assessment comprised modelling of the ambient air quality data and measuring of nickel uptake in tap water (external exposures) and human biomonitoring (HBM), i.e. the measurement of nickel in urine (internal exposure). Health outcome was determined by a questionnaire, a Pharmacia CAP-FEIA system and an epicutaneous patch test (ECT). The influence of exposure variables on nickel sensitization was measured by means of linear and logistic regression analysis. The most striking results were as follows. Children living in the hot spot Dortmund Hörde (increased chromium and nickel levels in ambient air from a steel mill) revealed a peerless prevalence of diverse allergic symptoms and sensitizations, whereas children residing in Duisburg North (a coking plant, sintering plant, steel mill and blast furnace) had elevated current nickel concentrations in urine. Sensitization to nickel in the present study was positively associated with the current internal nickel exposure, and a weak positive significant association between nickel levels in ambient air and in urine was observed. It is concluded that, despite improvements in the general air quality during the last decades, living in the proximity of industrial sources results to some extent in increased internal nickel exposure and in the nickel sensitization.
Quelle:1. Accominotti, M., Bost, M., Haudrechy, P., Mantout, B., Cunat, P.J., Comet, F., De Muter, C., Plantard, F., Chambon, P., Vallon, J.J., 1998. Contribution to chromium and nickel enrichment during cooking of foods in stainless steel utensils. Contact. Derm. 38, 305-310.

2. Air Resources Board of California Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Fact sheet nickel.

3. Anke, M., Groppel, B., Kronemann, H., Grün, M., 1984a. Nickel-an essential element. IARC. Sci. Publ. 53, 339–365.

4. Anke, M., 2004a. Essential and toxic effects of macro, trace and ultratrace elements in the nutrition of man. In: Merian, E., Anke, M., Ihnat, M., Stoeppler, M. (Eds.) 2004. Elements and their compounds in the environment. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 343-367.

5. Anke, M., 2004b. Essential and toxic effects of macro, trace and ultratrace elements in the nutrition of animals. In: Merian, E., Anke, M., Ihnat, M., Stoeppler, M. (Eds.) 2004. Elements and their compounds in the environment. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 305-341.

6. Anke, M., Groppel, B., Kronemann, H., Grün, M. 1984. Nickel:an essential element. In: Sunderman, F.W., (Ed.). Nickel in the human environment, IARC, Lyon, 339-365.

7. Artik, S., von Vultée, C., Gleichmann, E , Schwarz, T., Griem, P., 1999. Nickel allergy in mice: enhanced sensitization capacity of nickel at higher oxidation states. J. Immunol. 163, 1143–1152.

8. Artik, S., Haarhuis, K., Wu, X., Begerow, J., Gleichmann ,E., 2001. Tolerance to nickel: Oral nickel administration induces a high frequency of anergic T cells with persistent suppressor activity. J. Immunol. 167, 6794–6803.

9. Artik, S., Gleichmann, E., Ruzicka T., 2004. Tolerance induction towards nickel. From animal model to humans. Hautarzt. 55, 1052-1059.

10. Baldamus,C.A., Friederes, B.A., 2002. Niere. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka,R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, p. 434.

11. Bannar-Martin, B.R., Rycroft, R.J., 1990. Nickel dermatitis from a powder paint. Contact Dermatitis Jan, 22(1), 50.

12. Behrendt, H., Krämer, U., Schäfer, T., Kasche, A., Eberlein-König, B., 2001. Allergotoxicology—A research concept to study the role of environmental pollutants in allergy. All. Clin. Immunol. Int. 13, 122–128.

13. Beltrani, V.S., Beltrani, V.,P., 1997. Contact dermatitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 78, 160-175.

14. Bennett, B.G., 1984. Environmental nickel pathways to man In: Sunderman, F.W.,(Ed.). Nickel in the human environment, IARC, Lyon, 487 - 495.

15. Beyersmann,D., 2005. Metalle/Nickel In: Wichman, H.E., Schlipkötter, H.W., Füllgraff, G., Handbuch Umweltmedizin. Ecomed, 31. Efr. Lfg. 04/05.

16. Brauer, M., Hoek, G., Smit, H.A., de Jondste, J.C., Gerritsen, J., Postma, D.S., Kerkhof, M., Brunekreef, B., 2007. Air pollution at the development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort. Eur. Respir. J. Epub ahead of print January 24, 2007.

17. Braun-Falco, O., Plewig, G., Wolff, HH., 2005. Dermatologie und Venerologie. Springer Medizin Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 353-359.

18. Brasch and Geier,1997. Patch test results in schoolchildren. Results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) Contact Dermatitis, Dec;37(6):286-93.

19. Breuer,C., Hanrath, P., 2002. Atemwegs- und Lungenerkrankungen. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, p.347.

20. Büdinger, L., Hertl, M., 2000. Immunologic mechanisms in hypersensitivity reactions to metal ions: an overview. Allergy 55, 108-115.

21. Chang, T.J., Werd, M.B., Hovelsen, C., 1995. Metallic implants used in foot surgery. Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. 12, 457–474.

22. Der Minister für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen: Luftverunreinigungen in Innenräumen. Bericht 1990

23. DEV (Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung). 1992. Bestimmung von Nickel mittels Atomabsorbtionsspectrometrie. E 11, DIN 38406, 26. Lfg., Wiley VCH,

24. DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). 2001. Nickel and Nickelverbindungen. Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründungen von MAK-Werten. 32. Lfg., Viley VCH, Weinheim.

25. Dixon, N.E., Gazzola, C., Blakeley, R.L., Zerner, B., 1975. jack bean urease: a metalloenzyme:a simple biological role of nickel? J. Am. Chem. Soz. 97, 4131-4133.

26. Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), 2002. Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart.

27. Dotterud, L.K., Falk, E.S.,1995. Contact allergy in relation to hand eczema and atopic diseases in north Norwegian schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr. 84, 402-406.

28. Draeger, H., Wu, X., Roelofs-Haarhuis, K., Gleichmann, E. 2004. Nickel allergy versus nickel tolerance: can oral uptake of nickel protect from sensitization? J Environ Monit. 2004 Dec;6(12):145N.

29. Engelke, J.C., Westhofen, M., 2002. HNO In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp. 463.

30. EC (European Commission). 2003. Proposal for a guideline of European Parliament and Council on arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic colehydrates in the air. Bulletin of European Communities. p.423.

31. Exner, M., Engelhardt, S., 2002. Luft. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp.117-118.

32. Flint , G.N., Packirisamy, S. 1997. Purity of food cooked in stainless steel utensils. 1997. Food Activities Contaminants 14, 115-126.

33. Fritsch, P., 2004. Dermatologie Venerologie. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

34. Foulkes, E.C. and McMullen, D.M., 1986. On the mechanism of nickel absorption in the rat jejunum. Toxicology, 38, 35-42.

35. Gavett, S.H., Haykal-Coates, N., Copeland, L.B., Heinrich, J. and Gilmour, M.I.,2003. Metal composition of ambient PM2.5 influences severity of allergic airways diseases in mice, Environ. Health. Perspect. 111, pp. 1471–1477.

36. Goebel, C., Kubicka-Muranyi, M., Tonn, T. et al., 1995. Phagocytes render chemicals immunogenic: oxidation of gold(I) to the T cell-sensitizing gold(III) metabolite generated by mononuclear phagocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 69, 450–459.

37. Grandjean, P., 1984. Human exposure to Nickel. In: Sunderman, F.W.,(Ed.). Nickel in the human environment, IARC, Lyon, 469 - 485.

38. Griem, P., Panthel, K., Kalbacher, H. et al., 1996. Alteration of a model antigen by Au(III) leads to T cell sensitization to cryptic peptides. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 279–287.

39. Griem, P., Wulferink, M., Sachs, B. et al., 1998. Allergic and autoimmune reactions to xenobiotics: how do they arise? Immunol. Today 19,133–141.

40. Haber, L.T., Diamond, G.L., Zhao, Q., Erdreich, L., Dourson, M.L., 2000. Hazard identification and dose response of ingested nickel-soluble salts. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 31, 231–241.

41. Hassler, E., Lind, B., Nilsson, B., Piscator, M., 1983. Urinary and fecal elimination of nickel in relation to air-borne nickel in a battery factory. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. May-Jun, 13(3), 217-24.

42. Hengge, U. and Ruzicka, T., 2006. Lehrbuch der Dermatologie und Venerologie. WVG, Stuttgart.

43. Hensten-Pettersen, A., 1992. Casting alloys: side effects. Adv. Dent. Res. 6, 38-43.

44. Hopfer, S.M., Linden, J.W., Crisostomo, M.C., Catalanatto, F.A., Galen, M., Sundermann, F.W. 1985. Hypernickelemia in hemodialysis patients. Trace Elem. Med. 2, 68-72.

45. Hostynek, J.J., Reagen,K.E., Maibach, H.I., 2002. Skin absorption of nickel and methods to quantify penetration. In: Hostynek, J.J., Maibach, H.I. (Eds.), Nickel and the skin. CRC Press, Boca raton, FL, pp. 147-165.

46. Huygens, S., Goossens, A., 2001. An update on airborne contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 44, 1-6.

47. IARC Monographs, 2008. http://monographs.iarc.fr/

48. IPCS (International Program of Chemical Safety) 1991. Nickel. Enviromental health criteria 108. World Heath Organization. Geneve

49. Janeway, C., 2008. Janeway’s Immunobiology. Garland Science, New York.

50. Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomshik, M., 2005. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. Garland Science Publishing, New York.

51. Jensen. C.S., Lisby, S., Baadsgaard, O., Vølund, A., Menne, T., 2002. Decrease in nickel sensitization in a danish schoolgirl population with ears pearced after implementation of a nickel exposure regulation. Br. J. Dermatol. 146, 636-642.

52. Kanerva, L., Alanko, L., Jolanki, R., Estlander, T., 1999. Laboratory Assistant’s occupational allergic airborne contact dermatitis from nickel presenting as rosacea. Eur. J. Dermatol., 9, 397–398..

53. Kerosuo, H., Kullaa, A., Kerosuo, E., Kanerva, L., Hensten-Pettersen, A., 1996. Nickel allergy in adolescents in relation to orthodontic treatment and piercing of ears. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 109, 148–154.

54. Kilburn, K.H., Warshaw, R., Boylen, C.T., Thornton, J.C., Hopfer, S.M., Sunderman, F.W.,Jr., Finklea, J., 1990. Cross-shift and chronic effects of stainless-steel welding related to internal dosimetry of chromium and nickel. Am. J. Ind. Med. 17, 607-615.

55. Kimber, I. and Dearman, R.,J., 1996. Contact hypersensitivity: immunological mechanisms. In: Kimber , I. and Mauerer, T. (Eds.),Toxicology of contact hypersensitivity. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 4-25.

56. Kimber, I. and Dearman, R.,J., 1998. T lymphocite subpopulations and immune responses to chemical allergens. In: Kimber , I. and Selgrade, M. (Eds.), T lymphocyte subpopulartions in immunotoxicology. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 199-231.

57. Kimber, I., and Dearman, R.J., 2002. Allergic contact dermatitis: the cellular effectors. Contact dermatitis, 46, 1-5.

58. Kollmeier, H., Müller, K., Seemann, J., Rothe, G., Wittig, P., Scheibal, V., Hummelsheim, G., 1988. Untersuchungen zur Chrom- und Nickelbelastuing der Lunge. Verlag für neue Wissenschaft, Bremerhaven.

59. Lacy, S., Merritt, K., Brown, S., Puryear, A., 1996.Distribution of nickel and cobalt following dermal and systemic administration with in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 32, 279-283.

60. Leitzmann, C., 2002. Grundlagen der Ernährung. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp.79-80.

61. LUA (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen; North Rhine Westphalia State Environment Agency), Fachbericht 2005a, Abschlußbericht.

62. LUA (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen; North Rhine Westphalia State Environment Agency), Fachbericht 2005b, Anhangsband.

63. LUA (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen; North Rhine Westphalia State Environment Agency), Fachbericht 2005c, Materialband.

64. Marschall, H.U., Oppermann, U.C.T., 2002 Leberentgiftung. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, p. 427.

65. Mastromatteo, E., 1988. Nickel and its compounds. In: Zenz, C. (Ed.), Occupational medicine. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp. 597–608.

66. Menne, T., 1992. Nickel contact hypersensitivity, In: Nriagu, J. (Edr.), Nickel and human health. John Wiley & Sons, New York., pp. 193-200.

67. Menne, T., 1994. Quantitative aspects of nickel dermatitis. Sensitization and eliciting threshold concentrations. Sci. Total Environ. Jun 6, 148(2-3), 275-81.

68. Menne, T., 1996. Prevention of nickel allergy by regulation of specific exposures. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 26, 133-8.

69. Merian, E., Anke, M., Ihnat, M., Stoeppler, M. (Eds.) 2004. Elements and their compounds in the environment. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

70. Merk, H.F., 2002. Haut. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp. 359-361.

71. Mobley, H.L., Island, M.D., Hausinger, R.P., 1995. Molecular biology of microbial ureases. Microbiol. Rev. 59, 451–480.

72. Mortz, C.G., Lauritsen, J.M., Bindslev-Jensen, C., 2002. Nickel sensitization in adolescents and association with ear piercing, use of dental braces and hand eczema. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis (TOACS). Acta. Derm. Venereol. 82, 359–364.

73. Muhle, H., 2002. Schwebestaub und Staubinhaltstoffe. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, p. 155.

74. Nakada, T., Iijima, M., Nakayama, H., Maibach, H.I., 1997. Role of ear piercing in metal allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 36, 233–236.

75. Nakamura, M., Arima, Y., Nobuhara, S., Miyachi, Y., 1999. Nickel allergy in a trumpet-player. Contact Dermatitis 40, 219–220.

76. Nielsen, G.D. 1992. Oral challenge of nickel allergic patients with hand exzema. In: Nieboer, E., Nriagu, J.O., (Eds.): Nickel and Human Health: Current perspectives. Wiley, New York, 201-210.

77. Nielsen, G.D., Søderberg, U., Jørgensen, P.J., Templeton, D.M., Rasmussen, S.N., Andersen, K.E., Grandjean, P. 1999. Absorption and retention of nickel from drinking water in relation to food intake and nickel sensitivity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 154(1), 67-75.

78. Nowak, M., Kopp, F., Roelofs-Haarhuis, K., Wu, X., Gleichmann, E. 2006. Oral nickel tolerance: Fas ligand-expressing invariant NK T cells promote tolerance induction by eliciting apoptotic death of antigen-carrying, effete B cells. J Immunol. 176(8), 4581-9.

79. Nriagu, J., Nickel and Human Health. 1992. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

80. Osim, E.E., Tandayi, M., Chinyanga, H.M., Matarira, H.T., Mudambo, K.K., Musabayane, C.T., 1999. Lung function, blood gases, pH and serum electrolytes of small-scale miners exposed to chrome ore dust on the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe. Trop. Med. Int. Health 4, 621-628.

81. Plinkert, P.K., Plinkert, B., 1993. Schleimhautschadensliste für den oberen Aerodigestivtrakt durch chemisch irritative, toxische und allergisierende Umweltstoffe. HNO, 41, 102-115.

82. Polacco, J.C., 1977. Is nickel a universal component of plant ureases? Plant Sci. Lett. 10, 249-255.

83. Ring, J. 2005. Allergy in Practice. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

84. Schäfer,T., Böhler, E., Wichmann, H.E., 2000. Die KORA-Allergie-Studie: Ergebnisse der Epikutantestung. Allergo. J. 9, 474-479.

85. Schaumann, F., Borm,P.J.A., Herbrich, Knoch, A., J., Pitz, M., Schins, R.P.F., Luettig, B., Hohlfeld, J.M., Heinrich, J., Krug .N, 2004. Metal-rich ambient particles (particulate matter 2.5) cause airway inflammation in healthy subjects, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 170, pp. 898–903.

86. Schubert, H. J., 2000. Airborne nickel dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 42, 118–119.

87. Schuhmann, D., Kubicka-Muranyi, M., Mirtschewa, J. et al., 1990. Adverse immune reactions to gold. I. Chronic treatment with an Au(I) drug sensitizes mouse T cells not to Au(I), but to Au(III) and induces autoantibody formation. J. Immunol. 145,2132–2139.

88. Smith-Sivertsen, T., Lund, E., Thomassen, Y., Norseth, T., 1997. Human nickel exposure in an area polluted by nickel refining: the Sor-Varanger study.
Arch. Environ. Health. 52, 464-471.

89. Smith-Sivertsen, T., Tchachtchine, V., Lund, E., Bykov, V., Thomassen, Y., Norseth, T., 1998. Urinary nickel excretion in populations living in the proximity of two russian nickel refineries: a Norwegian-Russian population-based study.
Environ. Health Perspect. 8, 503-511.

90. Smith-Sivertsen, T., Dotterud, L.K, Lund, E., 1999. Nickel allergy and its relationship with local nickel pollution, ear piercing, and atopic dermatitis: a population-based study from Norway. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 726-735.

91. Smith-Sivertsen, T., Tchachtchine, V., Lund, E., 2002. Environmental nickel pollution: does it protect against nickel allergy? J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 46, 460–462.

92. Sobaszek, A., Boulenguez, C., Frimat, P., Robin, H., Haguenoer, J.M., Edme, J.L., 2000. Acute respiratory effects of exposure to stainless steel and mild steel welding fumes. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 42, 923-931.

93. Sugiri, D., Ranft, U., Schikowski, T., Krämer, U., 2006. The influence of large-scale airborne particle decline and traffic-related exposure on children's lung function. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 282–288.

94. Sunderman, F.W., (Ed.). 1984. Nickel in the human environment, IARC, Lyon

95. Sunderman, F.W., 1986. Kinetics and biotransformation of nickel and chromium In: Stern, R.M., Berlin, A., Fletcher, A.C., Järvisalo, J., (Eds.) Health hazards and biological effects of welding fumes and gases. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 229 -247.

96. Sunderman, F.W., 1989. Nickel absorbtion and kinetics in human volonteers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 191, 5-11.

97. Sunderman, F.W., 2001. Nickel. In: Sullivan, J.,B. And Krieger, G.,R., (Eds.) Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp.905-905.

98. Sunderman, F., 2004. Nickel. In: Merian, E., Anke, M., Ihnat, M., Stoeppler, M.(Eds.), Elements and their compounds in the environment. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 841-865.

99. Thauer, R.K. 2001. Enzymology. Nickel to the fore. Science 293, 1264-1265.

100. Todd, D.J., Burrows, D., 1989. Nickel allergy in relationship to previous oral and cutaneous nickel contact. Ulster. Med. J. 58,168–171.

101. Trumbo, P., Yates, A.A., Schlicker, S., Poos, M.,2001. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 101, 294-301.

102. UBA (Umweltbundesamt), 2004: Daten zur Umwelt. www.uba.de

103. Van Hoogstraten, I.M.W., Andersen, K.E., Von Blomberg, B.M.E., Boden, D., Bruynzeel, D.P., Burrows, D., Camarasa, J.G., Dooms-Goossens, A., Kraal, G., Lahti, A., Menne, T., Rycroft, R.J.G., Shaw, S., Todd, D., Vreeburg, K.J.J., Wilkinson, J.D., Scheper, R.J., 1991. Reduced frequency of nickel allergy upon oral nickel contact at an early age. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 85, 441–445.

104. van Hoogstraten, I.M., Boden, D., von Blomberg, M.E. , Kraal, G., Scheper, R.J., 1992. Persistent immune tolerance to nickel and chromium by oral administration prior to cutaneous sensitization. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99, 608–616.

105. van Hoogstraten, I.M., Bos, C., Boden. D. et al. 1993. Oral induction of tolerance to nickel sensitization in mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101, 26–31.

106. van Hoogstraten, I.M., von Blomberg, B.M., Boden, D. et al. 1994. Non-sensitizing epicutaneous skin tests prevent subsequent induction of immune tolerance. J. Invest. Dermatol .102, 80–83.

107. Wilhelm, M., Idel,H., 2002. Metalle und Metalloide. In: Dott, W., Merk, H.F., Neuser, J., Osieka, R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin: Grundlagen, Untersuchungsmethoden, Krankheitsbilder, Prävention. Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, p.155.

108. Wilhelm, M., Ewers, U., Wittsiepe, J., Fürst, P., Hölzer, J., Eberwein, G., Angerer, J., Marczynski, B., Ranft, U., 2007a. Human biomonitoring in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, in press, doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.01.039.

109. Wilhelm, M., Eberwein, G., Holzer, J., Gladtke, D., Angerer, J., Marczynski, B., Behrendt, H., Ring, J., Sugiri, D., Ranft, U., 2007b. Influence of industrial sources on children's health - Hot spot studies in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Int. J. Hyg. Environ.Health, 210, 591-599.

110. Watzl, B., Leitzmann, C., 1999. Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln. Hippokrates, Stuttgart.
Lizenz:In Copyright
Urheberrechtsschutz
Fachbereich / Einrichtung:Medizinische Fakultät
Dokument erstellt am:12.03.2013
Dateien geändert am:12.03.2013
Promotionsantrag am:20.05.2011
Datum der Promotion:18.01.2013
english
Benutzer
Status: Gast
Aktionen